DTH technology

Sample Diagrams
Head End System
This figure shows a diagram of a simple head-end system. This diagram shows that the head-end gathers programming sources, decodes, selects and retransmits video programming to the distribution network. The video sources to the headend typically include satellite signals, off air receivers, microwave connections and other video feed signals. The video sources are scrambled to prevent unauthorized viewing before being sent to the cable distribution system. The headend receives, decodes and decrypts these channels. This example shows that the programs that will be broadcasted are supplied to encoders and modulators to produce television channels on multiple frequencies. These channels are combined onto a single transmission line by a channel combiner.
Set Top Box Operation
This figure shows a block diagram of a video set-top box. This device converts incoming RF channels into a lower frequency that can be provided to a television. This diagram shows an analog setup box usually involves the conversion of the incoming RF channel frequency to channel 3 or channel 4. The conversion of a digital cable channel is more complex as it requires demodulation, decoding (data decompression), and RF modulation back to a form suitable for a television. Optionally, a digital decryption section and/or video descrambling section may be included.p>
Cable Modem System
This figure shows a basic cable modem system that consists of a head end (television receivers and cable modem system), distribution lines with amplifiers, and cable modems that connect to customers' computers. This diagram shows that the cable television operator's head end system contains both analog and digital television channel transmitters that are connected to customers through the distribution lines. The distribution lines (fiber and/or coaxial cable) carry over 100 television RF channels. Some of the upper television RF channels are used for digital broadcast channels that transmit data to customers and the lower frequency channels are used to transmit digital information from the customer to the cable operator. Each of the upper digital channels can transfer 30 to 40 Mbps and each of the lower digital channels can transfer data at approximately 2 Mbps. The cable operator has replaced its one-way distribution amplifiers with precision (linear) high frequency bi-directional (two-way) amplifiers. Each high-speed Internet customer has a cable modem that can communicate with the cable modem termination system (CMTS) modem at the head end of the system where the CMTS system is connected to the Internet.
Table of Contents
Overview
Broadcast Television Cable Television Systems (CATV)
Contribution Network
Connection Types Program Transfer Scheduling Content Feeds
Headend
Integrated Receiver Decoder (IRD) Off Air Receivers Encoders Transcoders Rate Shaper Channel Modulators Channel Processors Channel Signal Combiners
Asset Management
Content Acquisition Metadata Management Playout Scheduling Asset Storage Content Processing Ad Insertion Distribution Control
Distribution Network
Core Network Access Network Premises Distribution
CATV End User Devices
Tuners Display Capability Security Media Processing Software Applications Accessories Middleware Compatibility Upgradability Media Portability
CATV Access Devices
Cable Ready Televisions Set-Top box (Cable Converters) Cable Modems Cable Telephone Adapters
Market Growth
Cable Television Market Cable Modem Market Cable Telephone Market
Technologies
Analog Video Digital Video Rights Management Cable Modems High Definition Television (HDTV) Cable Telephony Wireless Cable Interactive Television Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)
Systems
National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) Phase Alternating Line (PAL) Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM) Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) PacketCable™ OpenCable™
Services
Television Programming Pay per View (PPV) Advertising High Speed Data (Cable Modems) CATV Telephone Services
google_protectAndRun("ads_core.google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad);
Cable Television Acronyms-Appendix 1
60i - 60 Interlaced ASN - Abstract Syntax Notation AWT - Abstract Widowing Toolkit ADPCM - Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AAC - Advanced Audio Codec AAF - Advanced Authoring Format AES - Advanced Encryption Standard ASP - Advanced Simple Profile ASF - Advanced Streaming Format ASF - Advanced Systems Format ATA - Advanced Technology Attachment ATVEF - Advanced Television Enhancement Forum ATSC - Advanced Television Systems Committee Avail - Advertising Availability Ad Credits - Advertising Credits Ad Model - Advertising Model AoD - Advertising on Demand Ad Splicer - Advertising Splicer ADET - Aggregate Data Event Table AEIT - Aggregate Event Information Table ATIS - Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ANSI - American National Standards Institute ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange Analog HDTV - Analog High Definition Television APS - Analog Protection System ATV - Analog Television ADC - Analog to Digital Converter AEE - Application Execution Environment AIR - Application Information Resource AIT - Application Information Table API - Application Program Interface ARIB - Association for Radio Industries and Business ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AJAX - Asynchronous Javascript and XML ASI - Asynchronous Serial Interface ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode AALn - ATM Adaptation Layer n AC3 - Audio Compression 3 AES - Audio Engineering Society AV - Audio Video AVI - Audio Video Interleaved A/V - Audio Visual AFI - Authority and Format Identifier AUX - Auxiliary AVT - AV Transport Service BIOP - Basic Input Output Protocol BIFF - Binary Interchange File Format bslbf - Bit Serial Leftmost Bit First BMP - BitMaP BPS - Bits Per Second BGP - Border Gateway Protocol BLC - Broadband Loop Carrier Broadband TV - Broadband Television BCG - Broadcast Cable Gateway BFS - Broadcast File System BML - Broadcast Markup Language BTSC - Broadcast Television Systems Committee BTA - Broadcasting Technology Association in Japan BUC - Buffer Utilization Control BOF - Business Operations Framework B2B - Business to Business B2B Advertising - Business to Business Advertising B2C - Business to Consumer CableCARD - Cable Card CMTS - Cable Modem Termination System CATV - Cable Television CTAB - Cable Television Advisory Board CVCT - Cable Virtual Channel Table CRLF - Carriage Return Followed by a Line Feed CSS - Cascading Style Sheets CUTV - Catch Up Television CRT - Cathode Ray Tube CA - Central Arbiter CPU - Central Processing Unit CA - Certificate Authority CRL - Certificate Revocation List CTL - Certificate Trust List CDATA - Character Data CG - Character Generator CC - Closed Caption CCTV - Closed-Circuit Television Coax Amp - Coaxial Amplifier COFDM - Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing CLUT - Color Look - Up Table CVBS - Color Video Blank and Sync CCIR - Comite' Consultatif International de Radiocommunications CDR - Common Data Representation CI - Common Interface COM - Common Object Model CORBA - Common Object Request Broker Architecture CSP - Communication Service Provider CDA - Compact Disc Audio CSM - Component Splice Mode CPL - Composition Playlist CA - Conditional Access CAT - Conditional Access Table CM - Configuration Management CM - Connection Manager Service CERN - Conseil European pour la Recherche Nucleaire CBR Feed - Constant Bit Rate Feed CE - Consumer Electronics CEA - Consumer Electronics Association CGM - Consumer Generated Media CDS - Content Directory Service CDA - Content Distribution Agreement CRID - Content Reference Identifier CSS - Content Scramble System CSRC - Contributing SouRCe CP - Control Point Co-op - Cooperative Advertising CN - Core Network CCBS - Customer Care And Billing System CSS - Customer Support System CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check DAU - Data Access Unit DCG - Data Channel Gateway DDI - Data Driven Interaction DES - Data Elementary Stream DEBn - Data Elementary Stream Buffer DEBSn - Data Elementary Stream Buffer Size DES - Data Encryption Standard DET - Data Event Table DOCSIS® - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification DOCSIS+ - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification Plus DSI - Data Service Initiate DST - Data Service Table DDE - Declarative Data Essence DTS - Decode Time Stamp DCH - Dedicated Channel DER - Definite Encoding Rules DWDM - Dense Wave Division Multiplexing DDL - Description Definition Language DCM - Device Control Module DIB - Device Independent Bitmap DH - Diffie Hellman DAVIC - Digital Audio Video Council DCI - Digital Cinema Initiative DECT - Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone DHN - Digital Home Network DMA - Digital Media Adapter DMC - Digital Media Controller DMD - Digital Media Downloader DPX - Digital Picture eXchange DPI - Digital Program Insertion DRM - Digital Rights Management DSNG - Digital Satellite News Gathering DSS - Digital Satellite System DSP - Digital Signal Processor DSA - Digital Signature Algorithm DSS - Digital Signature Standard DSM - Digital Storage Media DSM-CC - Digital Storage Media Command and Control DSM-CC-OC - Digital Storage Media-Command and Control Object Carousel DSM-CC-UU - Digital Storage Media-Command and Control User to User DTV - Digital Television DTT - Digital Terrestrial Television DTS - Digital Theater Sound DTS - Digital Theater Systems DAC - Digital To Analog Converter DV25 - Digital Video 25 DVB - Digital Video Broadcast DVBSI - Digital Video Broadcast Service Information DVB-ASI - Digital Video Broadcast-Asynchronous Serial Interface DVB-MHP - Digital Video Broadcasting Multimedia Home Platform DV Camcorder - Digital Video Camcorder DVD - Digital Video Disc DVE - Digital Video Effect DVR - Digital Video Recorder DVS - Digital Video Service DVI - Digital Visual Interface Digitizing Tablet - Digitizing Pad DCC Table - Direct Channel Change Table DMA Engine - Direct Memory Access Engine DTC - Direct to Consumer DTH - Direct To Home DCC - Directed Channel Change DCCT - Discrete Channel Change Table DCT - Discrete Cosine Transform DFT - Discrete Fourier Tranform DLP - Discrete Logarithm Problem DCD - Document Content Description DOM - Document Object Model DTD - Document Type Definition DDB - Download Data Block DII - Download Info Indication DCAS - Downloadable Conditional Access System Drop Amp - Drop Amplifier DMIF - DSM-CC Multimedia Integration Framework DASE - DTV Application Software Environment Dub - Dubbing DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHTML - Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory EDL - Edit Decision List EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EFF - Electronic Frontier Foundation EPF - Electronic Picture Frame EPG - Electronic Programming Guide E-Tailers - Electronic Retailers E-Wallet - Electronic Wallet ES - Elementary Stream ESCR - Elementary Stream Clock Reference EAS - Emergency Alert System EBS - Emergency Broadcast System EKE - Encrypted Key Exchange EDTV - Enhanced Definition Television EDCA - Enhanced Distributed Channel Access ECM - Entitlement Control Messages EFS - Error Free Seconds EBU - European Broadcasting Union ECMA - European Commerce Applications Script ECMA - European Computer Manufactures Association Euro-DOCSIS - European Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification EFTA - European Free Trade Association ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute EIT - Event Information Table EOD - Everything on Demand EE - Execution Engine EDS - Extended Data Services ETM - Extended Text Message ETT - Extended Text Table EUMID - Extended Unique Material Identifier FCC - Federal Communications Commission FIPS - Federal Information Processing Standards FDDI - Fiber Distributed Data Interface FTTC - Fiber To The Curb FTP - File Transfer Protocol FW - Firmware FDC - Forward Data Channel Forward OOB - Forward Out of Band Channel FourCC - Four Character Code FOD - Free on Demand FOSS - Free Open Source Software FTA - Free to Air FES - Front End Server FPA - Front Panel Assembly FAB - Fulfillment, Assurance, and Billing GXF - General eXchange Format GCT - Global Color Table GPS - Global Positioning System GSM - Global System For Mobile Communications GUI - Graphic User Interface GIF - Graphics Interchange Format GP - Graphics Processor HAL - Hardware Abstraction Layer HCCA - HCF Coordination Channel Access HITS - Headend in the Sky HMS - Headend Management System HSM - Hierarchical Storage Management HD - High Definition HD-LC - High Definition Power Line Communication HDTV - High Definition Television HANA - High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance HAVi - Home Audio Video Interoperability HomePNA - Home Phoneline Networking Alliance HVN - Home Video Network HomePlug AV - HomePlug Audio Visual HMS - Hosted Media Server HCCA - Hybrid Coordination Function Controlled Channel Access HFC - Hybrid Fiber Coax HSTB - Hybrid Set Top Box HTML - Hypertext Markup Language HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure IPPV - Impulse Pay Per View IHDN - In-Home Digital Networks IR Blaster - Infrared Blaster IR Receiver - Infrared Receiver IWS - Initial Working Set Inline Amp - Inline Amplifier InstanceID - Instance Identifier IEEE - Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers IC - Integrated Circuit IDE - Integrated Development Environment IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics IRD - Integrated Receiver and Decoder IRT - Integrated Receiver and Transcoder ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network IVG - Integrated Video Gateway IPR - Intellectual Property Rights IS - Intensity Stereo IIC - Inter - Integrated Circuit Bus ICG - Interactive Cable Gateway ICAP - Interactive Communicating Application Protocol IPG - Interactive Programming Guide IDL - Interface Definition Language IF - Intermediate Frequency IF Switching - Intermediate Frequency Switching ICC - International Color Consortium IDEA - International Data Encryptions Algorithm ISAN - International Standard Audiovisual Number ISBN - International Standard Book Number ISO - International Standards Organization ITU - International Telecommunication Union Net - Internet IANA - Internet Assigned Numbering Authority IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol IIOP - Internet Inter-ORB Protocol ISMA - Internet Media Streaming Alliance IP - Internet Protocol IPCATV - Internet Protocol Cable Television IPDC - Internet Protocol Datacasting IP STB - Internet Protocol Set Top Box IPTV - Internet Protocol Television ISP - Internet Service Provider iTV - Internet TV IOR - Interoperable Object Reference IDCT - Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform IPVBI - IP Multicast over VBI IMS - IP Multimedia System IIF - IPTV Interoperability Forum JAR - Java Archive JAAS - Java Authencation and Authroization Service JCA - Java Cryptography Architecture JCE - Java Cryptography Extentions JDK - Java Development Kit JMF - Java Media Framework JNI - Java Native Interface JNM - Java Native Methods JSSE - Java Secure Socket Extension JVM - Java Virtual Machine JCIC - Joint Committee on Intersociety Coordination JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group JS - Joint Stereo JFIF - JPEG File Interchange Format JNG - JPEG Network Graphics KoD - Karaoke on Demand KDF - Key Derivation Function KLV - Key Length Value KPI - Key Performance Indicator KQI - Key Quality Indicators Killer App - Killer Application kbps - Kilo bits per second LBI - Late Binding Interface Linear TV - Linear Television LCD - Liquid Crystal Display Liquid LSP - Liquid Label Switched Path LISP - LIS Processing LAN - Local Area Network LID - Local Identifier LMDS - Local Multichannel Distribution Service LMDS - Local Multipoint Distribution System LOC - Local Operations Center LP-2 - Local Primary Monitoring Station Alternate LP-1 - Local Primary Monitoring Station First LCN - Logical Channel Number LLC-SNAP - Logical Link Control-Sub Network Access ProtocolLSD - Logical Screen Descriptor MGG-LC - Low Complexity MNG LFE - Low Frequency Enhancement LSF - Low Sampling Frequency MRD - Marketing Requirements Document MCR - Master Control Room MGT - Master Guide Table MXF - Material eXchange Format MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit MSE - Mean Square Error MAC - Media Access Control MAP - Media Access Plan MB - Media Block MDI - Media Delivery Index MIU - Media Interoperability Unit MS - Media Server MAC - Medium Access Control MMU - Memory Management Unit MAC - Message Authentcation Code MMS - Microsoft Media Server Protocol MRLE - Microsoft Run Length Encoding Mbps - Millions of bits per second MG - Minimum Guarantee MITRE - Missile Test and Readiness Equipment MTT - Mobile Terrestrial Television MDCT - Modified Discrete Cosine Transformation MER - Modulation Error Ratio MSB - Most Significant Bit MJPEG - Motion JPEG MPEG - Motion Picture Experts Group MP3 - Motion Picture Experts Group Layer 3 Studio - Movie Studio MPEGoIP - MPEG over Internet Protocol MRD - MPEG-2 Registration Descriptor MP4 - MPEG-4 MBONE - Multicast Backbone MBGP - Multicast Border Gateway Protocol MSDP - Multicast Source Discovery Protocol MMDS - Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service MVDDS - Multichannel Video Distribution and Data Service MVPD - Multichannel Video Program Distributor MCNS - Multimedia Cable Network System MHP - Multimedia Home Platform MoCA - Multimedia over Coax Alliance MHEG - Multimedia/Hypermedia Expert Group MNG - Multiple image Network Graphics MCard - Multiple Stream CableCARD MSO - Multiple System Operator MuX - Multiplexer MMDS - Multipoint Microwave Distribution System MPTS - Multiprogram Transport Stream MPTS Feed - Multiprogram Transport Stream Feed MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface NISDN - Narrrow-band Integration Services Digital Network NAB - National Association Of Broadcasters NCTA - National Cable Television Association NIST - National Institute Of Standards And Technology NOC - National Operations Center NTSC - National Television System Committee NICAM - Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplexing NVOD - Near Video On Demand NUT - Net UDP Throughput NCF - Network Connectivity Function NI - Network Interface NIC - Network Interface Card NOC - Network Operations Center NPVR - Network Personal Video Recorder NRT - Network Resources Table NSAP - Network Service Access Point NTP - Network Time Protocol NNW - No New Wires NPT - Normal Play Time NAN - Not A Number OC - Object Carousel ORB - Object Request Broker OSD - On Screen Display On Airwaves - On-Air OCAP - Open Cable Application Platform OSPF - Open Shortest Path First OSGI - Open Systems Gateway Initiative OS - Operating System OSS - Operations Support System OUI - Organization Unique Identifier OOB Channel - Out of Band Channel OOB Receiver - Out of Band Receiver OBE - Out of Box Experience PDV - Packet Delay Variation PER - Packet Error Rate PID - Packet Identifier PID Dropping - Packet Identifier Dropping PES - Packetized Elementary Stream Parametric QoS - Parametric Quality of Serivce PCDATA - Parsed Character Data PLTV - Pause Live Television PPD - Pay Per Day PPV - Pay Per View PSNR - Peak Signal to Noise Ratio PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PDA - Personal Digital Assistant PMS - Personal Media Server PVR - Personal Video Recorder PAL - Phase Alternating Line PIG - Picture in Graphics PIP - Picture in Picture PSU - Pillow Speaker Unit PKIX - PKI X.509 POTS - Plain Old Telephone Service Play - List - Playlist POD - Point of Deployment POD Module - Point of Deploymnet POE - Point of Entry PFR - Portable Font Resource PMI - Portable Media Interface PMP - Portable Media Player PNG - Portable Network Graphics PLC - Power Level Control Preamp - Pre-Amplifier PE - Presentation Engine PTS - Presentation Time Stamp PU - Presentation Unit PGP - Pretty Good Privacy Priority Based QoS - Priority Based Quality of Serivce PEM - Privacy Enhanced Mail Private TV - Private Television PCR - Production Control Room PSIP - Program and System Information Protocol PAT - Program Association Table PCR - Program Clock Reference PMT - Program Map Table PSI - Program Specific Information PSM - Program Splice Mode PSTD - Program System Target Decoder PMS - Property Management System PIMDM - Protocol Independent Multicase Dense Mode PIM - Protocol Independent Multicast PBS - Public Broadcast Service PKI - Public Key Infrastructure PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network PAM - Pulse Amplitude Modulation PCM - Pulse Coded Modulation PDM - Pulse Duration Modulation Push VOD - Push Video on Demand QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QoS - Quality Of Service QoS Policy - Quality of Service Policy QT Atoms - Quicktime Atoms MOV - QuickTime MOVie format RF Bypass - Radio Frequency Bypass Switch RF Modulator - Radio Frequency Modulator RF Out - Radio Frequency Output RAM - Random Access Memory RRT - Rating Region Table ROM - Read Only Memory RTOS - Real Time Operating System RTP - Real Time Protocol RTSPT - Real Time Streaming Protocol over TCP RTSPU - Real Time Streaming Protocol over UDP RTCP - Real - Time Transport Control Protocol RSS - Really Simple Syndication RM - RealMedia RPTV - Rear Projection Television RGBA - Red Green Blue Alpha RGB - Red, Green, Blue,RPC - Regional Protection Control RA - Registration Authority RADIUS - Remote Access Dial In User Service RAS - Remote Access Server RC - Remote Control RDP - Remote Display Protocol RHVO - Remote Video Hub Operation RCS - Rendering Control Service RP - Rendezvous Point RFC - Request For Comments RG - Residential Gateway RDF - Resource Description Framework RIFF - Resource Interchange File Format RSVP - Resource Reservation Protocol RCC - Reverse Control Channel RDC - Reverse Data Channel Reverse OOB - Reverse Out of Band Channel RPF - Reverse Path Forwarding RAS - Rights Access System RSA - Rivest, Shamir, Adleman SBNS - Satellite and Broadcast Network System SMATV - Satellite Master Antenna Television SMS - Screen Management System SAP - Secondary Audio Program SRTP - Secure Real Time Protocol SDD - Self Describing Device S-Video - Separate Video SECAM - Sequential Couleur Avec MeMoire SDI - Serial Digital Interface SCP - Service Control Protocol SDF - Service Description Framework SDT - Service Description Table SDS - Service Discovery and Selection SGW - Service Gateway SID - Service Identifier SI - Service Information SRM - Session and Resource Manager SAP - Session Announcement Protocol SDP - Session Description Protocol SBB - Set Back Box SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol SCard - Single Stream CableCARD SCSI - Small Computer Systems Interface SCTE - Society of Cable Telecommunication Engineers Softkeys - Soft Keys SDK - Software Development Kit S/PDIF - Sony Philips Digital InterFace SD - Standard Definition SDTV - Standard Definition Television SGML - Standard Generalized Markup Language SII - Station Identification Information Stereo - Stereophonic SAN - Storage Area Network Stylesheet - Style Sheet SAC - Subscriber Acquisition Cost SAS - Subscriber Authorization System SMS - Subscriber Management System STV - Subscription Television SVOD - Subscription Video on Demand SHE - Super Headend SDV - Switched Digital Video Sync Impairment - Synchronization Impairments SPG - Synchronization Pulse Generator SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SRTS - Synchronous Residual Time Stamp SCR - System Clock Reference SI - System Information SMBUS - System Management Bus SOC - System On Chip STC - System Time Clock TV Centric - Television Centric TV Channel - Television Channel T-Mail - Television Mail TVoF - Television over Fiber TV Portal - Television Portal TV Studio - Television Studio TMS - Theater Management System TSTV - Time Shift Television TSTV - Time Shifted Television Timestamp - Time Stamp TRT - Total Running Time TFS - Transient File System TXOP - Transmission Opportunity TFS - Transport File System Transport ID - Transport Identifier TSFS - Transport Stream File System 3DES - Triple Data Encryption Standard TLV - Type Length Value UMB - Ultra Mobile Broadband UMID - Unique Material Identifier UPnP - Universal Plug and Play UPnP AV - Universal Plug and Play Audio Visual Upfronts - Upfront Advertising UGC - User Generated Content UI - User Interface USC - User Selectable Content USM - User Services Management V-Factor - V Factor VBR Feed - Variable Bit Rate Feed VLE - Variable Length Encoding VBI - Video Blanking Interval vBook - Video Book VBV - Video Buffer Verifier VDN - Video Distribution Network VHO - Video Hub Office VOD - Video On Demand VQI - Video Quality Index VQM - Video Quality Measurement Video Ringtone - Video Ring Tone VC - Virtual Channel VCT - Virtual Channel Table VM - Virtual Machine Virtual TV Channel - Virtual Television Channel WTCG - Watch This Channel Grow WM - Windows Media WMA - Windows Media Audio XSLT - XML Stylesheet Language Transformation